1.0 What connects Israel and the Hyksos in Egypt ?
To this day, there is disagreement among historians about the connection between the people of Israel in Egypt and the Hyksos in Egypt. While some historians deny altogether any inhabitation of Israel in Egypt, others think the Hyksos were Israelites. This work aims to clarify this connection.
1.1 Hyksos the relatives of Israel bring Joseph to power.
After Joseph, the youngest of the children of Jacob, the patriarch of Israel, about 1800 BC. was sold, he was finally proclaimed the highest man in Egypt after him by the Egyptian pharaoh because of his wisdom. He came to great power after adverse circumstances in Egypt. Genesis 41:41 "And again Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Behold, I have set thee over all the land of Egypt." 42 And he took his signet ring from his hand and put it on Joseph hand and clothed him in fine linen and put a gold chain around his neck."
1.1.1
The Spirit of God in Joseph
This
pharaoh who appointed Joseph must have been a very understanding man,
because as an Egyptian he spoke of the spirit of God that was in
Joseph. Genesis 41:37 "The
speech of Joseph pleased Pharaoh and all his servants. 38 And Pharaoh
said to his servants: How could we find a man like this, in whom is
the Spirit of God? 39 And Pharaoh said to Joseph: Because God has
made all these things known to you, no one is as understanding and
wise as you.”
The question arises, how can it be that an Egyptian Pharaoh speaks of
the spirit of God, when the Egyptian religion was an idol-image cult,
without deep understanding of the spirit of the God of Israel? The
answer to this can only be that this pharaoh was in fact not an
Egyptian, but a compatriot of a people close to Israel. Only Israel's
religion knew the Spirit of God. The people closest to Israel were
Arameans, for God said of the Israelites that their father was an
Aramean. Deuteronomy 26:5 Then
you shall answer and say before the Lord your God, My father was an
Aramean, about to perish, and he went down, went to Egypt and was a
stranger there, few in number, and there became a great, strong, and
numerous people.”
It is therefore obvious that the pharaoh of Joseph was not an Egyptian but an Aramean.
The Hyksos came from the land of Retenju. that means Rat= Ram = Aram.
1.1.2 Israel is allowed to live in the best land of Egypt despite the famine.
The
Israelites went to Egypt because of famine in Canaan. But there was
famine in Egypt too. Genesis 47:13 13 “Now
there was no bread in all the land; for the famine was very severe,
and the land of Egypt was exhausted, and also the land of Canaan,
because of the famine. "Although
the Egyptians themselves suffered, Pharaoh permitted the Israelites
to live in Goshen, the best land of Egypt. Genesis 47:4 “And
they said again to Pharaoh, We have come to dwell with you as
strangers in the land; for your servants have no pasture for their
cattle, so severe is the famine in the land of Canaan. And now your
servants want to live in the land of Goshen. 5 Pharaoh said to
Joseph, It is your father and your brothers who have come to you. 6
The land of Egypt is open to you, let them dwell in the best part of
the land, let them dwell in the land of Goshen."
So
the pharaoh gave preference to foreigners who came into the country,
although the Egyptian people were suffering. Today one would call
this nepotism. The Israelites were closer to Pharaoh than the
Egyptians.
It is therefore very likely that this Pharaoh was not an Egyptian, but an Aryan, Horite-Hebrew = Habiru or Aramean from the fatherland of Abraham, Ur in Chaldea = Kura Araxes, on Lake Van.
1.2 The Aryan names of Hyksos kings.
A Hyksos king had the name Jakob-Hor, an indication that this Hyksos king was a Horite-Hebrew = Habiru. A treasurer of Egypt at this time was named Hur [7], so he was also a Hurrian. Hurrians were Aryans, that is, Indo-Europeans related to the Israelites, descendants of Eber the Hebrew, who was also the forefather of Abraham. Genesis 10:21. That would mean: • The pharaoh who settled Joseph and the people of Israel in Egypt was not Egyptian but a relative close to Israel. Hyksos were Horite Hebrews, and/or Chaldeans, Kassites, and Arameans, relatives of Israel.Genesis 25:20 "Now Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebecca the daughter of Bethuel the Aramean of Paddan-aram, the sister of the Aramean Laban."The Isrealites came to Egypt at a time when the Hyksos were in power.
The Isrealites were conquered by the Egyptians after the expulsion of the Hyksos around 1550BC.
Two chronologies of events can be used to establish whether Israel really came to Egypt under the Hyksos. This is not about absolute values, but about proving that Joseph ruled under the Hyksos.
2.0 Chronology of Israel and the Hyksos, from Abraham to the construction of Solomon's Temple
2.1 Calculation of the chronology from the construction of the Temple of Solomon to the Exit.
In
order to create a chronology, you need fixed points in time, anchor
data, in order to determine the course of events.
The following
times = T, before the turning point are used as anchors.
T,temple = 950, year of the construction of the Temple of Solomon according to historical evidence.
T,israel,exit = Ttemp + 480, The details of Israel's exit after the temple building from 1 Kings 6:1:
"In the four hundred and eightieth year after the Exodus of Israel from the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month of Siv, which is the second month, the house of the Lord was built."T,hyksos,in= 1720 , The Hyksos build the city of Avaris in Egypt. According to [7] they were permanently installed in Avaris in 1720 and put 240,000 men in the fortress.
T,hyksos,out = 1550, Time of the expulsion of the Hyksos by Tutmosis 1, according to [8]
T,meggido = 1457, Battle of Megiddo by Thutmose 3, according to known knowledge. [9]
T,israel,Desert = 40 , Time of Israel's wanderings through the desert.
T,israel,Palestina = Texit -40, Time of Israel's arrival in Palestine, 40 years after the exit.
This
results in the beginning of the chronology / year BC.
T,hyksos,to Egypt = 1720
T,hyksos, Expulsion = 1550
T,meggido = 1457
T,israel,exit = Temple Solomon +480 =1430
T,israel,in Palestine = 1390
T,temple,Solomon = 950
Based on these considerations, slavery in Israel began shortly after the Hyksos were expelled. The exit then took place after the Battle of Meggido. The pharaoh who drowned in the sea with his horsemen may have been Thutmosis3.
2.2
The chronology starting from Abraham's birth, calculated.
Now
we have to calculate the dates for the calculation of the time before
the Hyksos invasion. There is an anchor point in the NT for this.
Acts 13:17 "The
God of this people Israel chose our fathers and made the people great
abroad, in the land of Egypt, ..20 for about four hundred and fifty
years."
Since
Canaan, Abraham's country of immigration, was an Egyptian colony at
the time [7], this text states that around 450 years passed between
Abraham's exit and his immigration to Canaan.
The word "about"
indicates a certain inaccuracy in this calculation.
This becomes:
• T,israel,Exit =1430
• T,abraham to Canaan = Texit + ~450
• T,abraham to Canaan = ~1880. Arrival of Abraham in Canaan.
After
that he lived in Canaan and moved to Egypt for a time. Back in Canaan
and after some years T-abrx, Abraham was 100 years old when he gave
birth to his son Isaac: Genesis 21:5 : "Abraham
was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him."
This
makes the birth year of Abraham:
• T,birth,Abraham = ~1880 +Tabrx+100 = ~1980 + Tabrx
At
the age of 75, Abraham left Haran in Syria, neglecting travel time.
Genesis 12:4: "So
Abram went out, as the Lord had said to him, and Lot went with him.
But Abram was seventy-five years old when he came out of Haran.
"
Isakk
was born at 100. The time he spent in Canaan and Egypt before Isaac
was born then becomes :
• T,abrx = 100-75 = 25 / years
• T,birth,Abraham
= ~1880 +Tabx+100 = ~1880+25+100
• T,birth,Abraham
= ~2005 ,The birth year of Abraham,
2. 3 This calculates the chronology from the birth of Abraham.
T,birth,Abraham = ~2005
T,abraham,from Haran = ~1930
T,birth,Isaac =2005 -100 = ~1905, Birth of Isaac son of Abraham when he was 100. Genesis 21:5 : "Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him."
T,birth,jakob = Tgeb,isaak -60 = ~1845 Birth of Jacob, son of Isaac. Genesis 25:26 "Isaac was sixty years old when Jacob and Esau were born."
Jacob
was 130 when he came to Egypt with his family
- T,jakob-Pharaoh = 130 / years, at 130 Jacob, Abraham's grandson, stands before the pharaoh in Egypt. Thus the time of Israel's immigration into Egypt, at the age of 130 by Jacob, when he was before Pharaoh: Genesis 47:9 "Jacob said to Pharaoh, My time abroad is one hundred and thirty years." :
T,israel and Jakob,to Egypt = ~1845-130 = ~1715, The time of Israel's immigration into Egypt: Genesis 46:26 "All the seed that came into Egypt with Jacob were sixty-six, except the wives of his sons. "
Jacob died after 17 years in Egypt” Genesis 47:28: “And Jacob lived seventeen years in the land of Egypt, until his whole old age was a hundred and forty-seven years.”
T,dead,Jacob= 1848- 147= ~1701,
There is no evidence for the birth of Joseph. Since Jacob married Jacob when he was 40, and Joseph was the son of his own age, I estimate Jacob's age at Joseph's birth to be 90. Genesis 25:20 "And Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebekah took the daughter of Bethuel the Aramean of Paddan-aram, the sister of the Aramean Laban."
T,birth,Joseph = Tgeb,Jacob -90 = ~1845- 90 = ~1755???
Joseph reigned in Egypt at 30 Genesis 41:46: "6And Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt."T,josef,ruled Egypt = ~1765 -30 = ~1725???
This
calculates the entire chronology, from the temple building and from
Abraham:
T,birth,Abraham = ~2005
T,abrahm,Haran = ~1930
T,birth,Isaac =~1905
T,birth,Jacob = ~1845
T,birth,Joseph = 1765 ???
T,josef,to Egypt = 1748???
T,josef,ruled Egypt = ~1725???
T,hyksos, in Avaris = 1720
T,israel and Jakob,to Egypt = ~1715
T,dead,Jakob = ~1701
T,hyksos Expulsion = 1550
T,battle,in Meggido = 1457
T,israel,Exit = 1430
T,israel,in Palestine = 1390
T-temple of Solomon = 950
It can be seen here that Israel came to Egypt around the time of the Hyksos. However, the times given are only estimates, because of the approximately 450 year values.
3.0 Checking the chronology of 2.3 with new anchor:
Now,
using a different anchor point, we recalculate the chronology of
Abraham:
In Gal 3:17 one finds the following about the law that
Israel received from God: "The
covenant which was previously confirmed by God is not canceled by the
law which was given four hundred and thirty years after that..."
The
law was instituted by Moses at the end of the wilderness journey,
before Joshua led the people to war in Canaan. Numbers 4:1 And
now hear, Israel, the commandments and statutes which I am teaching
you to do , that you may live, and come in, and possess the land
which the Lord God of your fathers is giving you.”
The
law was given to Israel by Moses after the exit, Exodus 19:1: In the
third month after the Israelites left the land of Egypt, on this day
they came into the Sinai desert.
This becomes:
T,law,Sina = Texit - 0.25 = 1430 - 0.25 = ~1429
The promise to Abraham was given to him at the age of 99: Genesis 17:1 "When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to him and said to him…"T,promise,to Abraham = 1429+430 = 1859
The
birth year of Abraham then becomes:
T,birth of Abraham = 1958, that is 47 years later than previously calculated with 2005.
With
this, the control chronology / year BC., is:
T,birth of abraham = 1958
T,abraham,Haran = 1883T-birth-isaac = 1858
T,birth,Jacob = 1798
T,birth,Joseph = ~1718???
T,hyksos,to Egypt = 1720
T,josef,to Egypt = ~1701???
T,josef, ruled Egypt = ~1678???
T,israel and Jakob, to Egypt = 1668
T,dead,Jakob = 1654
T,hyksos,Expulsion = 1550
T,battle,in meggido = 1457
T,israel,Exit = 1430
T,israel, in Palestina = 1390
T,tempel,Salomo = 950
4.0 Result:
Both chronologies basically show the same result:
The people of Israel immigrated to Egypt around the time of the Hyksos in 1700 BC. Joseph then became a ruler in Egypt under the Hyksos. Israel was enslaved by the Egyptians after the Hyksos were expelled. The Exit 1430BC. took place about 130 years after the Hyksos were expelled.
5.0 Literature
[7] book: Fischer Weltgeschichte: Die Altorientalischen Reiche.
[9] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Megiddo
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